The 4 Ts of Type 1 Diabetes

Often associated with children, the reality is that type 1 diabetes can impact anyone at any age. That’s why it’s important to know, recognise and understand the signs and symptoms of this condition for early diagnosis.   

The 4 ts offer a simple way to recognise and remember the early signs of type 1 diabetes before it becomes a medical emergency. 

Remember the 4 Ts 

Toilet

Going to the toilet to urinate more regularly is a sign that something might not be quite right. In young children, this could mean bedwetting after being dry for a period of time. If the child is still in nappies, it might mean that the nappies are fuller more regularly.  

School aged children might be asking to go to the toilet more frequently, so checking in with the teacher if you have suspicions is important.  

Adults might notice they are going to the toilet more frequently, maybe even throughout the night when they may not regularly do so.  

Thirsty 

It might be difficult to measure thirst in babies, particularly if they are too young to communicate with you verbally.  

Some signs of excessive thirst in babies could be increased feeding demand, restlessness between feeds and dry lips or mouth.  

In older children and adults, it is more obvious when there is an unquenchable thirst that doesn’t go away even after drinking lots of fluids. 

Tired  

Tiredness is difficult to measure. There are many factors that can contribute to tiredness but if there is persistent tiredness after regular routine sleep, it could be a sign of type 1 diabetes.  

In babies too young to communicate verbally, this might present as reduced engagement, grizzling, crying, or demanding attention more than usual. It could also be more physical signs, like yawning or eye rubbing which are tell-tale signs of tiredness.  

Thinner 

Unexplained weight loss, despite eating normally or even more than usual.  If you're eating normally, or even more than usual, and still losing weight, this is cause for concern.  

When paired with the other symptoms as outlined above, it suggests hyperglycaemia (high blood glucose levels) and the possible onset of type 1 diabetes.  

You should visit your GP immediately, expressing your concerns and requesting a blood test.  

Testing and treatment are essential to prevent complications like diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). 

Not everyone shows all the signs 

It’s important to understand that not everyone will present with all four Ts.  

Some people may only encounter one or two of the symptoms. These can be easily mistaken for other conditions like the flu, dehydration, or even stress. For example, a teenager might feel constantly tired and thirsty but not lose weight. An adult might notice frequent urination without feeling tired at all. 

That’s why it’s so important to know the signs and act early. If you or someone you know is showing any of these signs, especially in combination, it’s important to check in with your GP. 

A simple blood test can confirm whether diabetes is the cause of your concerns and help avoid serious complications like diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which can be life-threatening if left untreated. 

Why early diagnosis matters 

Early diagnosis of type 1 diabetes significantly improves outcomes. It allows for fast management with the introduction of insulin and other medical support. 

It will also help to prevent emergency hospital visits and longer-term, diabetes related complications. 

The 4 Ts are more than just a reminder. They could be a life-saving checklist. Whether you're a parent, teacher, coach, or just someone looking out for your own health, knowing these signs can make all the difference. 

Stay alert, act early, and spread the word. If in doubt, get tested! It’s quick, simple, and could save your life.